Julius Caesar Essay

Conflicting perspectives, What are they? Conflicting perspectives are a clash of ideologies and belief systems. When studying conflicting perspectives we are able to generate diverse and provocative insights, like the idea that is appealing to an audiences logic and reason is less effective in persuading them as opposed to appealing to their emotions which is more effective. This can be seen through the texts Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, the article ‘Arguments Against Abortion’ by Kerby Anderson and the essay ‘Abortion and the Alternatives’ by Voula Papas. In the text Julius caesar conflicting perspectives can be seen in act 3 scene one where both Brutus and Antony give speeches about caesars death. In Brutus’s speech he uses a number of rhetorical features and logic to convince the Plebeians that the killing of Caesar was carried out for the â€Å"goodness of rome†. we can see this through the â€Å"Had you rather Caesar were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead and live all free men? †. The use of truism in this quote makes the audience unable to offer a contradicting point of view thus they are forced into complying with Brutus’s thoughts. Brutus’s speech is delivered in prose, a somewhat unpolished and unsophisticated manner of speaking. The use of prose in this instance appeals to the audience as they are able to directly relate to this manner of speaking, being of a somewhat lower class, thus allowing Brutus to connect with them on a higher level. He also arouses patriotism and plays on the rights to civil freedom of the audience to offer further persuasiveness to his speech. He does this by inferring logical and restrained reasoning for Caesar’s death which appeals to the audience’s intelligence and commonsense. The high modality of the rhetorical question â€Å"Who is here so vile that will not love his country? † is extremely powerful in agitating the existing devotion the audience has towards Rome. Similarly in the essay Arguments against Abortion the author, uses rhetorical devices and the use of logic (logos) to convince the audience that abortion is wrong. The essay has been arranged in four subsections biblical, medical, legal and philosophical arguments against abortion. Exemplification techniques through the use of facts and statistics is used to emphasize the point that author is trying to make. The author uses many logos techniques very effectively, often to make a point about the fetus being alive and being able to feel ain even at very early stages of life, so should not be destroyed. An example of this is seen in the line â€Å"If heartbeat was used to define life, then nearly all abortions would be outlawed† the deductive reasoning used makes conclusions about the fact that life exist even as a fetus and thus abortion is actually death of the fetus. By contrast Antony from Julius caesar heavily relies upon the power of language and its ability to exploit the human flaw that is emotion, and by doing so manipulate ones perception through a emotionally (pathos) driven argument. Antony has a greater understanding of the people and knows that they are passionate people who will be swayed by such talk. Also Antony unlike Brutus uses iambic pentameter this shows that he has a higher authority which would make the audience listen more carefully. After each argument Antony produces in Caesar’s defense, he uses irony through the lines â€Å"But Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man†. This line is repeated a number of times creating an anaphora. As well as slowly dismantling Brutus’ reputation through the irony, Antony indirectly implies and focuses the blame upon him and plays to the emotions of his audience indulging them to question their newly acquired perspective. It is Antonys use of emotional language that allows him to persuade his audience more than Brutus. Like wise the article Abortion and the Alternatives by Kerby Anderson relies on the use of emotive language to convince the readers that abortion can sometimes be the only resort for a female. The persuasive technique of pathos is used to effectively convey to the reader why the choice should be with the women, reference to rape cases and quilt feeling by women after abortion are examples of this. This appeals to the human nature of the reader and weakens them emotionally making it easier for them to be swayed. Also the use of props In this case a graphic image of a woman, bloodied towel in fist, crouched, naked and dead of a botched abortion. The vivid imagery allows the audience to see in reality what it is like and makes them more inclined to believe and agree to what the author is suggesting. The rhetorical question â€Å"Before legal abortion†¦.. do you want to go back to this? † as a caption of the image conveys a powerful message that there is an alternative which is safe, legal and accessible and that is abortion. We can see through all the three texts that conflicting perspectives generate provocative insights that are appealing to the audiences emotions is a more effective way of persuading them than appealing to their logic.

Judith Beveridge Speech

Judith Beveridge is a poet of great detail. Her poems are written with strong use of language. Strong imagery of her observations and contrasts of her views help create her poems meaning and effect on the reader. Beveridge’s texts are valuable to the understanding of human and nature’s precious life, and her appreciation for life in all. Through her two poems ‘the domesticity of Giraffes’ and ‘the streets of Chippendale’ these both communicate her ideas and values the strongest. One of Beveridge’s strongest values is of life, in ‘the domesticity of giraffes’ this is displayed from the first sentence of the second stanza. ‘I think of her graceful on her plain’ Beveridge puts herself into the poem, her thoughts of the giraffe in her natural state, gracefully running in the wild. The entire second stanza is crammed with imagery; each line creates a new picture in the mind of the giraffe being free. A strong metaphor end the stanza ‘She could be a big slim bird before flight’ this metaphor symbolising that could be the giraffe’s freedom. This is Beveridge’s only positive stanza throughout this poem this is very effective to display her thoughts on what the giraffes life should look be like. Continuing into the poem, violence and pain in the giraffe is described strongly using several similes. ‘ Her tongue like a black leather strap’,’ bruised apple eyed’ words of strong violence and pain as though the giraffe appears beaten up and battered, this use of violent imagery is disturbing and makes you think deeper about how the giraffes natural appearance seems to have disappeared. Beveridge observes the giraffe licking the wire for salt and gazing around her pen, her gaze has the loneliness of smoke’. Beveridge describes the giraffes unnatural habits, she becomes a part of the poem again by ‘ offering the giraffe the salt of her hand’ ‘ the giraffe in sensual agony’, this point of desperation for the giraffe is extremely unnatural and saddening to see her have to go to such measures to have what she needs. In ‘the streets of Chippendale’ life is at its lowest. For a suburb that seems so upper class and pleasant for the names of the streets Ivy, vine, rose and myrtle are so beautiful, all of these names are very misleading. Life in Chippendale is rough, alcoholic and sad. Beveridge uses juxtaposition to contrast the names of the streets with what they sound to be. ‘Abercrombie sounds like the eccentric unmarried third cousin’ ‘but Abercrombie’s different’. Beveridge personifies the street as though it is a grumbling, alcoholic, causing trouble and disturbance. There is so much violence, as though men are fighting in their drunken confident state to up their lacking self esteem. ‘Sad daughter of the ruined slipper’ violence sexual abuse nothing of what is accepted in society. The community of Chippendale has no value anymore, no society morals exist. Life is not valued or precious, there seem to be no happy memories to ever come from this place ‘ streets go to wall like families’ ‘ ivy vine rose and myrtle not one of your descendants mourns your loss’ the people of Chippendale don’t want to remember this place at all. Though above the grime and run down nature, ‘Thomas and Edward have climbed to new heights, incomes and renovations, things are slightly looking up in one small part of town. The streets of Chippendale are very male dominated. Beveridge particularly portrays this with certain lines, images in our minds from the words beer mates drunks and work boot bruises come together to create the image of a man after work, in his late night alcoholic state. This poem shows a strong inequality between men and women. The tale of Abercrombie Street is dark and sad. The street is personified as a pub crawler. ‘Hits the bottle with a dozen pubs, grumbles like a drunken parent, these similes reflect Beveridge’s views on how the street behaves. Beer mates come together her with a feel for violence ‘someone smashes the street lights’’ sad daughter of the ruined slipper’ Beveridge has created the image of Chippendale to be one big self destructed mess. The feeling of male dominancy and female inequality is overwhelmed throughout the poem and is valuable to show how society can really be this way. The same dominancy is seen in ‘the domesticity of giraffes’ in desperation the female giraffe needs salt. But in no natural way can she get enough. The male bull indolently lets down his penis drenching the pavement. Beveridge uses emotive language to describe how the female giraffe in desperation goes for whets her needs. ‘She thrusts her tongue under his rich stream to get moisture for her thoundath chew. The word thrusts create the image of the female giraffe lowering herself to his waste to get what she needs. Throughout every one of Judith Beveridge poems, her structure and language forms that she uses are what make her poems phenomenal. By use of strong imagery, similes, juxtaposition and personification our minds can picture what she has written about clearly. The pain of the giraffe in its enclosure would not seem as harsh and unwanted if it was not for the violent images that are created in our minds and the several similes to compare how the image seems in real life. She languorously swings her tongue’ like a black leather strap ‘bruised apple eyed’’ legs stark as telegraph poles’ Beveridge seems effortless in creating this giraffes appearance. Juxtaposition is repetitively used throughout Beveridge’s poems this is useful to create and enhance different images in our minds. Chippendale’s streets are personified and their names are explained as what they sound to be, ivy vine rose and myrtle, Hugo and Louis, Abercrombie they could have been the homes of kindly aunts, respected gentlemen strolling past, but they’re nothing but beer mates of Abercrombie. In this poem juxtaposition and enjambment are Beveridge’s two strongest language forms these help create a certain image of the town, and help the poem to flow right through and connect nicely. Each of Beveridge’s poems is valuable. Each explores human’s exploitation to nature and morals of society. The issue of life and its value, men and women’s inequality are actively discussed through both poems ‘the domesticity of giraffes’ and ‘the streets of Chippendale’ both poems are valuable to create one persons view that not many other people observe so deeply.

Sexual Boundary Violations At Work Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sexual Boundary Violations At Work Place - Essay Example Women occupying the relatively higher status in the workplace are also subjected to such misbehavior by men of either same status or higher position. Men always go after power either by conferred status or through acquired status. But women generally do not have an obsession with power. The powerful statuses they occupy in organizations are merely out of their work interest and involvement. Even after occupying a greater powerful position they want to retain it by persisting involvement alone. Women never resort to any other crooked methods for retention of power. But in case of men, once they taste the blood of power, they get ever intoxicated to it and want to maintain it at any cost. Especially when they happen to encounter women with the real power of ingenuity or skill, they get mentally annoyed, the cause of which is never able to be identified by their fickle psyche. As a result, they find sex discrimination as a tool to overpower women. This process of overpowering leads to s exual boundary violation and then subsequently to sexual harassments even. Workplace rudeness is the pinhole opening for Sexual Boundary violations in many organizations. The rudeness includes several aspects of misbehavior such as sending a nasty and demeaning note, not giving credit where a credit is due, giving dirty looks or another negative eye contact. ( Metts et al, 2009: p.252) Before landing on a clear-cut definition of sexual boundary violation, it becomes necessary to understand sexual boundary crossing.

American history 1492-1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American history 1492-1865 - Essay Example Numerous historians and novelists delve into the analysis of the civil war while focussing on various battles to paint a realistic image of events as they were. However, they lack consensus on issues that run deep and are pertinent to the motivation, reasons, and outcomes of the war. While there were numerous fronts of confrontation during the American civil war, this paper focusses on Gettysburg owing to the magnitude of the battle and outcomes. In addition, this paper employs the works of David Moore, Michael Shaara, and Edwin Coddington for the purposes of different opinions and from the viewpoints of various characters involved in the war. The named scholars are renowned for their quality analysis of historical events, which places their work at ease among their peers owing to significant research accompanied by lengthy bibliography essays. The scholars are in consensus about whom the participants in the battle of Gettysburg are, and have been accorded enormous analysis based on their conduct during the war. The battle involved a confrontation of enormous magnitude between union and confederate forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in 1863. The battle lasted three days and resulted in heavy casualties from either side before the confederates were forced into a retreat and subsequent surrender. In line with participants, well detailed biographies by the scholars illustrate the kind of leadership provided by the then generals during the civil war. The characters of great importance during the Gettysburg confrontation include General George Meade of the Union faction and General Robert Lee who led the confederate soldiers. While over 160,000 soldiers engaged in the battle, the confederates had fewer men compared to the Union front. The scholars share different opinions on the opposing sides with a clear inclination of whom they would support. An in-depth look at Coddington’s ‘The Gettysburg Campaign’, although not clearly stated his tilt towar ds the Union forces is revealed as the writer engages the reader in a detailed narration of the events. Coddington’s account of the campaign is regarded as a fine volume of events as they were and as such, it has been highly influential in shaping how society thinks of the battle. Moreover, Coddington’s analysis depicts a rough image of the generals that led the battle giving rise to different sentiments on his account. The writer cites the mistakes made by the confederate generals during the three-day battle while bravery is illustrated for officers involved in the repulsion of the Pickett’s charge. It is the writer’s belief that the Union’s victory can be attributed to General Lee’s contempt of his opponents, overconfidence, and poor organisation (Coddington 680). In essence, Coddington hold General Lee culpable for the failure to make a decisive strike on the first day of the battle where the writer suggests a different outcome for the en tire confrontation. This take absolves other perspectives such as lack of coordination, firepower, and ill-trained soldiers from all blame and setting it all on General Lee. Unfortunately, the writer’s work has always seized a unique spot among historians leaving almost no room for criticism. It has been argued that the writer relied on the General Lee’s use of the phrase ‘if practicable’ when issuing orders, which is seen as a suggestion rather than an order (Bowden and Ward

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Smoking - Essay Example This paper describes three major facts associated with smoking in order to persuade smokers to get rid of their smoking habit. Amina Khan in her article, â€Å"Joe Paterno has lung cancer: What are the risks?†, published in Los Angeles Times on November 18, 2011, says the reasons for the lung cvancer caused to former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno. Joe Paterno has been diagnosed with a treatable form of lung cancer recently. She has pointed out that Paterno has never been known as a smoker. In her opinion, â€Å"The most common risk factor for lung cancer is a history of smoking -- even if a patient quit decades earlier. Its not uncommon for patients to quit and think theyre no longer at risk† (Khan). Brizer (2003) has also mentioned the association of cancer with smoking. â€Å"German researchers proved the association of cancer with smoking† (Brizer, p.21). Even though smoking can cause different types of physical diseases such as heart attacks, cancers, cough etc, Lung cancer seems to be the most dangerous disease associated with smoking. It is estimated that tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemicals which may cause different types of diseases to the smoker and the secondary smoke breathers. Ammonia, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and benzene are some of the toxic ingredients in cigarette smoke. Out of these 4000 chemicals, 43 can cause cancer disease. In fact 86% of all deaths caused by smoking is due to lung cancer (Smoking Cessation). Seventy-seven percent (482) had a smoking history while 11.3% (71) were current smokers. The length of smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis was

The Importance of the Various Internal As Well As External Essay - 4

The Importance of the Various Internal As Well As External Environmental Factors of Tesco in Determining Its Strategies - Essay Example The researcher states that the principal objectives of Tesco plc have been centralized towards serving the customers with better satisfaction as well as with the motive of developing the communities where the company is operational. Moreover, the company also seeks that the employees, customers as well as shareholders are treated in a fair manner and with loyalty. Contextually, it can be stated that strategic positioning or the company, along with its available strategic choices and strategy in action plays a vital role to determine its competencies in the targeted market. Based on this perspective, the discussion henceforth will emphasize on the strategic position, strategic choices and strategy in action as the core elements of strategic management in Tesco. Hence, the discussion will aim to reveal the importance of the various internal as well as external environmental factors of Tesco in determining its strategies as well as in improving its business operational efficiencies crea ting a strong impact on its core elements of strategic management. In this regard, it can also be argued that the company has been facilitated with positive political support. Economic factors have also been significant considerations for Tesco imposing a direct impact on the demand for its products and/or services, pricing structures, costs incurred and profits obtained by the company. It is in this context that Tesco has been responding well towards the global economic fluctuations in order to perform its business operations with greater profitability, targeting the rapidly developing customer groups and also by offering competitive pricing benefits as per the convenience of the customers in the worldwide periphery. Additionally, when operating in the global market, Tesco has to comply with a diverse range of customer preferences owing to the prevalence of distinct cultural dimensions. Hence, it often becomes a challenge for the company to function with equal competencies in every sphere of its global market constituting its social environment. Perhaps, it has been influenced by this particular factor that Tesco has been performing significantly better than compared to its performances in the global marketplace. Similarly, when concentrating on technological factors, a country with more advanced technology is likely to assist the company in performing its business operations in an effective manner. It is in this context that Tesco has been facilitated with technology advancements in the UK while it had to witness significant competition in integrating technology within the global platform. Environmental factors can also be observed to have a significant influence on the effective strategic performances of Tesco.

American Lives as they were before, during, and after The Civil War Essay

American Lives as they were before, during, and after The Civil War - Essay Example ix). Of course this was in reference to slavery and ensuring that there would one day be the possibility to eliminate slavery from the face of the United States altogether. From a historical perspective it can be assumed that this was one of the main forces that led up to the beginnings of the Civil War. Southerners were against freeing slaves and when the two sides clashed it promoted a split of ideas across the borders and states of the country. All of this took a great deal of time before War seemed to be the only way to change the future outcome of the people in America. Many states in the Deep South had their own particular way of life before the civil war. Many of the upper class southerners had huge slave plantations that were ran by enslaved African Americans. Some of the slave masters were decent individuals who treated their workers fairly and without prejudice yet they kept them as slaves which went against many beliefs of those in the Northern states of the country. ... one well known area that utilized slave workers quite abundantly and as has been stated there were differing degrees to how this was carried out and how it was perceived. The frontier of plantations in Florida was abundant in the era before the civil war, with these lands accruing miles upon miles of land. Many of them had cotton and sugar, of which slave women would work in, picking the cotton and processing the sugar, then the plantation owners selling it for sustenance to live on. Of course there was great wealth to be made for those who owned slave plantations in the time period under discussion (Baptist 2002, p.1).Furthermore, history shows that there were many reasons why there was such a high migration to the Deep South by white citizens, especially to the region of Florida and the outlying states surrounding it. The soil was good for planting in the state as well as growing orchards for spring harvests, of which many southerners were very found of. Before the civil war, white upper class southern families had their fortunes laid out for them. They had opportunities that were vast and land that was open for claiming, however their abuse of African Americans and using them as slave workers the way the did was one of the very reasons that destroyed the southern way of life (Baptist 2002, pg.1). Though times were extremely good for the white settlers, they were extremely poor for the black people of the south. The reason for this was there was no equality, no chance for African Americans to break free from the chains of slavery, no opportunities to become separate individuals from their slave masters. For African Americans, many times their lives seemed hopeless to them as they were sold in and out of slavery, never being able to hold on to any form of

Economic Report for United Arab of Emirate (UAE) Essay

Economic Report for United Arab of Emirate (UAE) - Essay Example The massive oil consumption in UAE has enabled it to reduce the usual lengthy and difficult process of accumulating capital as well as saving towards developing any economy. The enormous endowment of the natural resources, particularly exploitable oil and gas in the UAE have led to quick development of resource based industries (RBI), which has led to strategy development. The strategies that have emerged are industrial strategies that are geared at elevating the utilization of natural resources. Additionally, the UAE have deployed the use of windfall income that has enabled it to achieve magnificent economic development, particularly with the period between 1973 and 1982. This period was marked with high economic development of the UAE countries and it as well marked the period of relatively high oil and gas prices. Before the discovery and exploitation of natural oil and gas in the UAE, the UAE nations depended majorly on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, extraction and tr ading on pearls, seafaring, and fishing (Abed and Peter 11). Therefore, before the discovery of oil in the UAE, the UAE nations depended on limited natural resources that only made them have a subsistence economy. The first development of the UAE economy started in the early 1970s, and it was referred to the UAE’s First Development Decade. ... It is worth noting that, since 1973, UAE nations have enjoyed expedite political stability. The established formal political institution of the 1971 seems suitable for the existing tribal UAE society. Additionally, this political society has boosted the UAE economy by supporting an elaborate distribution of oil revenues in social and economic infrastructure forms, averagely high salaries, highly standardized social services including education, and social services that have since then raised the living standard of the inhabitants of UAE (El 74). Moreover, the UAE community has since then enjoyed a reduced likelihood of the occurrence of social and political unrest. In fact, since the formation of the state, the UAE government has maintained a high degree or ethical record pertaining to human rights; thereby, promoting political and social stability (International Monetary Fund 24). The UAE has actively become a member of numerous regional and international associations including the United Nations, Arab league, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Islamic Conference Organization, and the Arab Gulf Cooperation. The relationship that the UAE have built with many countries in the world, especially those within the West have been naturally warm. Usually, political and social stability goes hand in hand with the liberty in trade policies (International Monetary Fund 162). This notion has paved way for both domestic and international investment in the UAE’s industrial sector by other nations of the world; thus, improving the economy of UAE. The united states of Arab are blessed with the enormous oil reserves that are located both at onshore and off shore. In addition, UAE enjoys production of gas that is associated with the crude oil production. Furthermore, UAE

FINANCIAL STATEMENT RATIO ANALYSIS CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL STATEMENT RATIO ANALYSIS - Case Study Example Financial ratio analysis is the calculation of harmonized relationship of figures that appear in the financial statements. These relationships are known as ratios and they are very useful in analyzing the financial performance and financial position of a business. The financial ratios enhance the comparison of different companies in the same industry since the financial statements alone cannot play this role due to the difference in size of businesses. These ratios measure the ability of a firm to make profit to its owners. They indicate the financial performance of a firm. The main profitability ratios are net profit margin, operating profit margin and gross profit margin. The calculation of net profit margin is (net profit/ sales) * 100%. The calculation of operating profit margin is: (operating profit margin/sales) * 100%. The calculation of the gross profit margin is (gross profit margin/ sales) * 100% (Bragg 54). These ratios indicate the level of efficiency in a business. The main management ratios are return on equity, return on assets and the inventory turnover. The calculation of return on equity is (net profit/ total equity) * 100%. The calculation of return in assets is (net profit / total assets * 100%). The calculation of inventory turnover is (inventory/ sales) * 100% (Bull 87). These ratios indicate the ability of a firm to finance its current debts using its current assets. The main liquidity ratios include; quick ratio, current ratio and the net working capital. The calculation of the current ratio is current assets/ current liabilities. The calculation of the quick ratio is (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities. The calculation of the net working capital is current assets – current liabilities. These ratios measure the going concern or the viability of a firm and its ability to meet its long-term debts. The main

Describe to me the basic differences between Scientific Method and Essay

Describe to me the basic differences between Scientific Method and Scientific Process - Essay Example This is basically the process through which science actually takes place. It takes place in a series of steps which involve making hypotheses, deriving predictions and performing experiments in line with those predictions to determine whether the initial hypotheses were indeed correct. This basically entails the steps that are taken in performing a scientific method. The scientific process is contained in the scientific method. Science is in itself the study of processes through scientific methods. The scientific process has inputs and desired outcomes which in tern influence the Scientific methods It is clear from the discussion above that there are certain basic differences between scientific method and scientific process. What is clear, however, is that the two are so much dependent on each other. The scientific method investigates what is known based on measurable evidence while scientific process is all the steps that the scientific method applies in achieving its

Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate Essay Example for Free

Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate Essay Hopkins was born in 1844, and died just 45 years later in 1889. He was a deeply intellectual and religious man, and became a Jesuit priest in 1877, the same year of which he wrote Pied Beauty. In the poem, the author expresses his gratitude in God for making all the beautiful things that we now see in this world (assuming that what he saw is not that far off from what we now see of course) and how we should all â€Å"praise him†. Significant poetic devices and their significance (eg: Metaphors, symbols, rhyme scheme, form, imagery, repetition†¦ etc) Structure-based analysis 1) Funny rhyme scheme here. ABCABC DBEDE. Note how every rhyming lines are indented to the same extent. This perhaps portrays the different hierarchies of the world that we see today, whether it is caste, wealth or class. He perhaps is trying to link them all together, and express the feeling that there is room for everyone in the kingdom of God, or God sees all, from the rich to the poor, no matter what your social status. The peculiar rhyme scheme could represent the fact that we often find God a very mysterious entity, one who works in mysterious ways. We cannot fully understand why he often does things so out of convention (ie storms, hurricanes) but they are all part of his plan to make everything work. The break in the rhyme scheme illustrates the fact that God is unpredictable, when you start to understand what he does and how he works, the more he changes and does something completely different. Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate the fact that we cannot even begin to comprehend the concept of God, and that ‘the only thing we are certain about him is his uncertainty. The last line in the poem â€Å"praise him† is indented differently from the rest of the poem, providing a very powerful message for the conclusion, as if the poet was saying ‘Amen’ at the end of a prayer. 2) Iambic pentameter not used, rather Sprung Rhythm is used. This is a poetic rhythm designed to imitate the rhythm of natural speech. It is constructed from feet in which the first syllable is stressed and may be followed by a variable number of unstressed syllables. In this case, the poet uses this to make his poem sound more genuine; emphasizing the fact that he truly feels this sense of love towards God. The fact that it sounds like natural speech also creates a stronger empathy link with the reader and the poet, thus making it easier for the poet to get his point across.

The United States economic Essay Example for Free

The United States economic Essay In trying to rescue the United States economic financial system there is a possibility of the economy to be affect by massive hangovers from the effort of the government to prevent the accumulation of debt. The government instead has found a swift way of stimulating the economy through the financial bailout. The government wishes to take a mountain of accumulated debts due to bad loans caused by financial institution as a result of subprime mortgage lending. The debt is worth $700 billion of money. To have this debt clear under the bailout bill so that the economy can be stimulated to grow, the united government had no other option other than borrowing. For the borrowing to be successful, it had be done when the there is soaring of the federal budget deficit. The deficit for the year 2008 was expected to increase by $407 billion which was double the imbalance for year 2007 worth $161. 5 which indicated a slowdown in the economy. However, as from 2008 up to now, $168 billion programs of economic stimulus are already doing in the books of government. The passed congress legislation gave authority to have the Fannie and Freddie be rescued which resulted into the boosting of national debt. The legislation the administration late authorized the bailout financial system (Bernanke, 2008, 1). The implementation of the financial bailout as an economic stimulus has caused a lot of concern on what long term affects it poses to the United States economy. The issue here is, as the government is borrowing to offset the already existing debt, the debt instead is expanding from time to time. To pay the national debt interest the government is spending not less that $400 billion each year. As the debt increases, the cost of government borrowing also goes up and therefore leading to some of the indented programs in settling that existing debt to be awarded less money. Due to financial crises of the year 2008 the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has eased the stance of the monetary policy. The FOMC has consistently relaxed the monetary policy which has stabilized the prices giving hopes to increase of economic slack and flattering-out of the energy prices. FOMC after the implementation of the monetary policy anticipates the economic strengthening over this quarter as the previous lagged monetary policy action effects, amid improvement of the conditions of financial market has starts to provide extra spending and stabilization of the housing activities. Despite the implementation of the monetary policy in the year 2007 and up to the early 2008 the economic growth slowed sharply. In 2007 the restrain on activities concentrated on the housing sector, where as in year 2008 the other sectors of economy began to experience this. The prices of commodities have remained high for the whole year causing consumer price inflation (Bernanke, 2008, 23). The demand on houses, construction of residential home and prices of homes have fallen sharply in the year 2008. In the first few months of 2008 the delinquency rate continued to go down across all mortgage loans. New subprime mortgage loans has been highly unavailable for that year making the borrowers to experience high risk of credit which had to go for the guarantee programs offered by the government. Due to this, the Federal Reserve with the other stakeholders is now committed to come up with a solution that will prevent the foreclosure of the houses. The Federal Reserve is committed to offer an environment that gives support to goals of the homeownership of giving loans to borrowers who are creditworthy with ideal protection of the consumer and responsible practices of lending. On the issue of consumer spending has been going down for the whole of 2008 which is an indication of restrained influence. The real labor income growth rate has gone down ass the prices of energy and food, and conditions of labor market continue to weaken. This has affected the consumer purchasing power. In addition to this, it has been difficult for consumers to borrow as the standards and the terms have been tightened. This has led to deterioration of the quality of the overall credit of consumer loans (Bernanke, 2008, 30). On the side of business sector, the financial and economic conditions that influence spending of capital have appreciably deteriorated. During the months of 2008 the real outlay for business software and equipments were flat. The inventories have decreases irrespective of sluggish final sales making the firms to act promptly to prevent the imbalances of inventory from arising. The United States corporate profit during the same time was very low. The weakening of corporate profit and tight conditions of credit has resulted to slow down of business investment. Loans of Commercial and Industrial at banks in the firs months of 2008 briskly expanded. In the same period the quality of credit in nonfinancial corporations remained solid. As a result of this banks tightened the standards of credit on commercial loans of real estates. To conclude, the economic stimulus act is approximated to result to rebates worth $115 billion which will be sent to the households by the end of 2009 (Bernanke, 2008, 35). Work cited Bernanke Ben. Monetary Policy Report to the Congress. Washington, D. C. , July 15, 2008, pp. 1-42

Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny

Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny Over the past thirty years Participation has become development orthodoxy in both theory and practice (Cornwall 2003: 1325). The basic aim of participatory development (PD) is to increase the involvement of socially and economically marginalized peoples in decision-making over their own lives (Guijt, 1998: 1). PD approaches claim to empower local communities and recognizes rural poor themselves as the primary agents of change with the capacity to transform their lives (ESCAP, 2009). In recent years, however, there have been an increasing number of criticisms from policy makers, practitioners and academics regarding the widely applied participatory approaches to development. Many elements of this approach have been challenged on the basis that participatory approaches often failed to achieve meaningful social change, due to its inability to engage with problems of power relations and underlying politics (Hickey and Mohan, 2005: 237). Questions have been raised regarding the methods of participatory development and the impact of policies on various aspects of development, such as community relations, power structures, social conditions, rights of the poor, the role of grassroots civil society organisations in rural development, and the nature of knowledge (ESCAP, 2009). In this context, important publications have emerged representing different views and critiques of the participation approach, one against: Participation: The New Tyranny? (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001), and another more positive assessment: Participation: From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development (Hickey, and Mohan, 2004), which scrutinizes the various arguments. These works have generated heated debates about the concept of participation which some argue carries within it an inherent tyrannical potential for marginalising those who are already less vocal, but whom it seeks to empower (Cooke and Kothari, 2001). Later, more optimistic publications discuss, what can be done around participatory development and social change (Chambers, 2005b: 718). In order to address the question at hand, this paper examines the current debates on participation in development. The essay will consider a case study that uses participatory approaches in their project. This intervention has been implemented with varying degrees of success. The case chosen focuses on a project entitled the Rural Water Supply Management Programme in Rajasthan, India, in order to illustrate some of the different effects of applying this approach. The paper is divided into four sections: The first section begins by discussing the emergence of participation in development from both the historical and conceptual perspectives. It then proceeds to the second section which analyses participatory development in practice. The length of the paper does not allow for a detailed discussion on the methods of participatory approaches, such as participatory poverty assessment, rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisal (PPA/RRA/PRA). Therefore, this section will only provide a brief overview of these approaches and their use in development projects. In the third section follows a discussion on what is meant by the tyranny of participatory development. The fourth, concluding section seeks to draw some lessons from the discussion and analysis of the case study and provides a hint of what the literature suggests may be in store for participatory development in the future. 1. Emergence of Participation in Development: First let us consider how participation in development has emerged and what are some of the contentious interpretations of this concept. The emergence of the participatory development is tied into critiques of both theory and practice (Mohan, 2002: 50). In the late 1950s, the term participation or participatory was coined for the first time in the field of development (Rahnema, 1992: 117). The inception of participatory development is linked to colonial times and the mission to bring modernity from the west to the then developing countries. Thus, there was an increasing trend to equate development with modern western knowledge and practices by means of a top-down approach to countries in the south (Schuurman, 1993: 187-191). Critiquing this trend, social activists and field workers observed that non-inclusion of the people concerned in a development project from its inception to the implementation stage led to limited benefits of the development venture (Rahnema, 1992:117). This top-down approach carried Eurocentric and positivists ideas which disempowered beneficiaries (Escobar, 1995; Peet and Watts, 1996: 20-25; Chambers, 1997; cited in Mohan, 2002: 50). This concern was raised in the 1970s, by Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, who argued that development should not be the privilege of some few persons, but the right of everyone (Freire, 2003: 88). He promoted participatory development approaches, in contrast to top-down practices, by arguing I cannot think for others or without others, nor others can think for me (Freire, 2003: 108). In his Pedagogy of Oppressed Freire emphasized knowledge creation of the marginalized by increasing their awareness about their rights and establishing networks of soli darity to encourage dialogue which would enable people to express their needs and give them a sense of ownership of the projects. A similar view was echoed by Robert Chambers who challenged the various biases of development polices and interventions that make the poor invisible by distinguishing between uppers, i.e. the powerful practitioners and lowers, i.e. the powerless beneficiaries (Chambers, 1983; 1997: 2005a; Williams, 2004: 560). He argued that this [top-down approach] implies uppers empowering lowers between all levels. To do this, they must individually relinquish degrees of control themselves (Chambers, 2005a: 72). Thus, for Chambers, participatory development is a new paradigm, which will lead to empowerment of the beneficiaries, and a shift from hierarchical top-down development projects. He advocates open power structures which will bring personal and institutional change (Williams, 2004: 560). Hence, participation of local communities was stressed to end the top-down approach in development projects and participation became widely practiced. 1.1 Participatory Approaches: There are a myriad of methods for conducting participatory development in practice. However, the most extensively used methodology is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The other approaches include Participatory poverty assessments (PPA) and Rapid rural appraisal (RRA). The PRA approach is based on achieving change and a reversal of roles, behaviours and relationships. Though, this may be carried out by external development practitioners, their role is limited to facilitating the focus group, by listening to them and sharing methods with the local people to help them reflect on their on own knowledge. The outsiders do not transfer technology. The strength of the PRA method lies in understanding the local needs; providing local ideas; extracting, developing and investing local resources; and generating development ideas (Chambers, 1997: 103, 2005a:87, also cited in Mohan, 2003: 52). PRA collects and records data on local customs and practices for a predefined development issue, wher eas the RRA approach is used by outside practitioners to plan, and target the improvement of a given intervention. Finally, PPA, influences policies at the macro level in relation to poverty reduction development projects (cited in ESCAP, 2009: 13; for original see Norton et al., 2001). Thus, PRA is considered to be the more important approach to promote empowerment. The participatory development method involves all stakeholders who are affected, by the policies, decisions, and actions of the system. This may include individuals, groups, communities, local government institutions, local and international institutions, self-help groups (Chambers, 2005a:87). This approach is used by the World Bank, non-governmental organisations, aid agencies and academicians, which for instance have applied PRA for climate change adaptation projects. 2. Participatory Development in Practice: This section will examine (the) participatory development in practice through case study. The aim of this example is to illustrate different aspect of participation in development and how it can lead to potential tyranny. Case Study: Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajasthan, India: This case study, which looks at the Jal Bhagirathi Foundation (JBF) situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, demonstrates how Gender is dynamic and gender norms can be altered when matters as significant as social participation are negotiated and water management is put into practice (Berry, 2010:48). Social participation is associated with gender in the conduct of this non-governmental organization in water supply management. India is the one of the largest consumer of water today. Water is considered to be a womens resource in large parts of rural India, as women have the responsibility to fetch water for domestic purposes 86 per cent of the time (Bhatia, 2004; cited in Berry, 2010:49). Women seeking water often have to travel long distances, and sometimes are confronted with reduced water supply availability. This means that women having to spend more time in storing and preventing contamination of water. This predicament applies to rural women in many regions. For example, women in Nepalese villages are house bound with domestic responsibilities in juxtaposition with men engaged in economic activity, which may put women in a situation where they are excluded from participating in water management decision making. Moreover, a lack of electricity hinders women from collecting water from the water pumps (Shah, 2006; Berry and Mollard, 2010: 49). The household shapes gender relations, as well as playing key role in the use of water. Domestic water use connects women with women of other households (Cleaver, 1998). These household dynamics and local customs reinforce gender inequities (Cleaver, 2001; cited in Berry, 2010: 50). Thus, because of their low social status, women are perceived as being uneducated and unable to take official decisions, which constrains their participation in water user associations. Barriers to institutions and political engagement make women dependent on informal forms of participation'(Mohan and Hickey, 2004; and Berry, 2010: 51). Thus, when women go to fetch water, they meet other women socially and engage in informal discussions about their lives and information sharing. In South Asia, and specifically in India and Nepal, caste, race, religion, age and family play a significant role in defining how gender affects and is reflected in water management practices. Thus high caste women are likely to be involved in decision making due to their interest in the quality of water, whereas, lower caste women may be more supportive of having easy access to the water supply. It is also important to note that since most of the rural women are poor and are likely to lead the kind of life mentioned above, they will be less interested in participating in water supply management due to their already busy schedules. Given these types of social scenarios, JBF a non-governmental, has taken initiatives to empower women in water management decision making and provide public space for their participation, as women are the real stake holders. In addressing the above issue, JBF is required to develop relations with governments, aid donors and work within the customary practices of the local communities. UNDP has been actively involved with JBF to promote womens participatory water initiatives and make governance more participatory. A UNDP sponsored evaluation in 2008 acknowledged the progress made by JBF by building wells and tanks closer to houses, resulted in a reduction of the four kilometer average walking distance in the targeted regions and decreased the time spent by women for collecting water (Berry, 2010: 54). JBF also helped these rural women by establishing self help groups and linking them with banks for small house loans. Even though the JBF project resulted in varying degrees of success, criticisms were raised, regarding the lack of convergence between water initiatives undertaken by mainstream village institutions dominated by men and womens self help group (ibid.). JBF recognizes that womens role is central to the community water management practices. Communities may also manifest themselves as sites of conflict and shifting alliances influenced by power and social structures, both exclusionary as well as inclusive (Berry, 2010: 58). JBF faced the following problems in the case of Rajasthani women, such as their having low autonomy even in their own households and often being unable to work out of the house, due to cultural norms. The women often did not attend meetings, as they were illiterate, and therefore it was difficult to get them involved in village water practices, as they also felt shy to talk in front of men. These rural women are facing two contradictory problems. Firstly, patriarchal society and traditional customs exert pressures geared to maintaining privileges associated with the prevailing social and gender hierarchy, and, secondly, they have been faced with the introduction of modernity which is transforming rural economies. H ence, traditional understandings of gender, and local power structures have come into conflict with the externally disseminated strategies. As a result of this conflict, JBF projects have provided little benefit to rural women although they were meant to promote gender equity and participation on one hand and reifying traditional cultural practices on the other (McCusker and Oberhauser, 2006; cited in Berry, 2010: 63). 3. Tyranny of Participation in Development: Much of the discourse on participation in development has been challenged over the past two decades. Criticisms have been raised about the participatory approaches and demand at best their rethinking, if not their abandonment (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001:2). The critiques mainly emerge from within the field of development itself (ibid. :5) after the failure of current forms of participatory development to engage with the issues of power and politics raised by its language of empowerment' (Hickey, and Mohan, 2005: 241). These criticisms are viewed by Cooke, and Kothari (2001) as tyranny in development practice. Tyranny here means, Illegitimate exercise of power in participation. The authors have identified three types of tyrannies; first, the Tyranny of decision making and control; second, tyranny of the group and third, tyranny of method. However, there are other points of criticism raised by academics and practitioners which will be referred to in relevant parts of the following discus sion. 3.1 The knowledge claims of Participatory Development: Participatory development is designed to uncover the local realities of the poor and ensure their involvement in decision making (Cleaver, 1999: 599-600). This claim to understanding the local knowledge and particularly PRA approach has been highly criticised by field practitioners. Chambers (1994) makes claims in support of the reliability and accuracy of the knowledge obtained through PRA approach. However, Campbell (2001) rejects these claims, and argues that whilst approaches, such as RRA and PRA, were aimed to generate more or less accurate information, practitioners have been using them as the only model for undertaking research. Hence, Campbell proposes an integration of PRA approach with qualitative and quantitative methods to generate in-depth understanding which would not be possible to achieve through techniques of observation (ESCAP, 2009: 22-23). 3.2 Tokenism Reference to participatory models have become an attractive slogan and strategy for governments to acquire political advantages and foreign aid. These slogans generate the impression that governments are sensitive to all the local needs (Rahnema, 1992:118). Participatory methods in development process are increasingly viewed as an important tool to effectively avoid the past mistakes by undertaking projects which require awareness of the local knowledge of the field; access to networks which help to succeed the ongoing project and provides avenues for future investments in rural areas; and cooperation of the local organisations to carry out development initiatives. In this view, grassroots organisations play significant role in providing technical and human resource assistance in the field, and by acquiring investments for the projects (Rahnema, 1992:119). The foreign assistance agreements with recipient countries show the willingness of the latter to participate in the global efforts of their developed associates. This collaboration has helped developing countries governments with sophisticated systems of control over their populations (Rahnema, 1992:117), as this approach allows governments to be present everywhere to manage democratic participation. Thus, this approach to participation results in exploitative practices contrary to the wishes of the majority of the population, whereas development polices have a tendency to influence the minds of the people to become dependent on modern services. In this manner, their participation in policymaking and decisions is sought to confirm the support for the same needs. Thus, development projects which benefit only a few obtain majority support due to misperception that these advantages will soon be accessible to them as well (Rahnema, 1992:118). 3.3 Tyranny of the Group and Tyranny of Method: The participatory development approach is critiqued for considering communities as socially homogeneous rather then distinguishing the heterogeneous groups of people in a society or community. This view does not take into account the embedded inequalities within the communities, and ends up reinforcing the existing marginalization and power conflicts between uppers and lowers (Cleaver, 2001: 44; Kothari, 2001: 140; Mohan, 2002: 53). Others, Mosse (1994, 2001) and Guijt (1998), have raised concerns about the nature of knowledge and reliability of the information. Although, this approach may have empowered a given local community to some extent, the literature suggests that support for community has meant that funding and authority is transferred to the already privileged whilst the oppressed are further excluded (Mohan, 2002: 53). However, in this context, gender differences and community need to be distinguished as separate groups in applying PRA and other approaches, as conflating t hese conceptually could be problematic. Mosse argues that local knowledge is generated in a social context which is influenced by power, authority and gender inequality (ESCAP, 2009: 23). Mosse further highlights that the problem of knowledge generation via PRA approach is likely to be influenced by the predefined agenda of the outsider and their interaction with insider community members. This space of interaction is where each group repeatedly tries to anticipate the others wishes and intentions (ESCAP, 2009: 23). This supposition is a matter of concern to Mosse and he discusses how the process of acquiring the local knowledge shapes the relationship between beneficiary communities and development institutions. Thus, this makes local knowledge, compatible with bureaucratic planning (Mosse, 1994; ESCAP, 2009: 23). The case study discussed on gender equity in this paper shows that local village men do not share the same, nor are they willing to cooperate. They are caught up in local politics. Often decentalisation and participation cause the more vocal in the already advantaged group to remain in their position, which defeats the very purpose of participatory development by preventing the flow of contextualized knowledge, and diminishing the effectiveness of interventions (Perret, and Wilson, 2010:196). Criticisms have also been levied against the methods of Participatory Development. Stirrat (1996) raised concerns about the idea of dual forms of knowledge local and scientific knowledge. He argues that in the age of globalization, knowledge cannot exist in isolation but is mutually dependent on interrelationships. 3.4 The Myth of Community: According to Cleaver (2001: 603) the community in participatory approaches to development is often viewed as natural social entity characterized by shared values. It is believed that these values can be manifested in simple organizational form. This view is refuted by many. The assumption that the community as a natural entity and is identifiable in any location with defined boundaries and rights to membership appears to be simplistic. This imaginary view of a community or myth can have wider implications and lead to generalizations about all communities as having similar characteristics. As Stirrat (1996) notes, communities are physical spaces where people interact socially. 3.5 The Tyranny of Decision Making And Control: This view of Participatory approaches which emphasizes consensus building -and shared values is rather illusiory. Stirrat (1996) argues that these approaches with their supposed cooperation and solidarity is a new form of Orientalism, which ties in with ideas of domination and power relations. It is evident that in practice the power of decision making ultimately lies with the development agencies (Mosse, 2001). Therefore the participatory approach is criticised for not recognizing the social diversity and conflicts which pave the way for social exclusion (Cleaver, 2001; ESCAP, 2009: 24-25). It is argued that the approach is used in the name of empowering people and represents external interests as local needs, [and] dominant interests as community concerns (Mosse, 2001:22). This perception of participation has the potential of oppressing the beneficiaries and leading them to challenge the social hierarchies in the society (Kothari, 2001: 143). 3.6 The Bureaucratic organizations: When the organizational interests clash with the ideals of empowerment this leads to bureaucratisation of participation (Richards, 1995: Mohan, 2002). This conflict can lead to withdrawal of the project (Mosse, 2001). The civil society organisations can create competition with local organizations, as large amounts of aid money are chanelled through such organisations. This competition can sideline the weaker organisations, which will further undermine their development projects. In order to seek better funding, these organisations develop alliances with the donor organisations in the North. This perspective shows how the local governments authority is by-passed and that these grass roots agencies focus on increasing their capacity. Many such partnerships between northern countries organisations and those of southern countries come with a price. The delivery of aid money comes with an agenda (Mohan, 2002: 53). Thus, in effect, the development project of such organisations subjugates t hose who are supposed to be empowered. As these civil society organisations are accountable to their donor originations, they are also time bound and have certain targets and objectives to achieve in order to continue the source of their funding, which may affect the development of the projects (Stirrat ,1996; ESCAP, 2009). 3.7 From tyranny to transformation: This section briefly examines the present state of participatory approaches from the works of Hickey and Mohan (2004) and other literature produced in the aftermath of criticisms about the shortcomings and tyranny of participatory approaches. They argue that participation has expanded its role in development, with new methods appearing in theory and practice, and note that, in recent times, developing countries are engaged in formulating creative strategies to express their needs and are better aware of their rights. They stress the transformative approach to development by means of gaining an understanding of the power structures and politics of participation in development. Hickey and Mohan propose the creation of synergies between local projects and political action and governance at the state level. They claim that this synergy will help to overcome the potential tyranny of localized projects and promote social justice and rights based approaches through radical political action. This view proposes changes at the institutional and hierarchal level in order to provide oppressed citizens with an opportunity to take charge of the decisions which affect their lives and advocates promoting the agency of active citizenship by relocating participation within the wider realm of sociopolitical practices. It is assumed that this model of participation in development discourse will provide increased opportunities to the poor to exercise their rights as active members of the society and give them better control over socioeconomic resources (ESCAP, 2009: 25). 4. Conclusion: Participation has become a popular approach in contemporary development discourse. To draw some tentative conclusions from the above analysis, it is evident that empowerment through development has not been fully achieved. Although participatory development has benefited some local communities, the literature suggests that the participatory approach has a patronizing relationship to development. It has been abused by different stakeholders for various ideological and self-serving purposes (Stokke, Mohan, 2000: 263), and provided little or no gain to those whom it seeks to empower. As the evidence from the case shows, in the struggle for power observed in the rural water management programme in Rajahstan India, the unequal status of women meant that they had little access to participation in the water management incentives. It seems reasonable to conclude that many theorists and practitioners may be justified in their claims that participation is disempowering those who are already oppressed because of its inherently tyrannical nature. It can undermine the role of state and powerful transnational development organisations. However, it is important to note that studies on the subject, such as Participation: The New Tyranny?, and similar work, does not discourage the use of participation in development per se. The debates on participation rather suggest that issues of inequality and social structure must be addressed to overcome current problems and improve the participatory process. Although the tensions discussed in this paper continue to hinder development, they also present opportunities for the effective use of participatory approaches. Continuing efforts to challenge and transform local power relations by participatory practitioners and agencies with similar interests can bring them on the same platform to work together for effective local participation to the benefit of development. In recent times, many development agencies have changed their focus to incorporate the broader questions of citizenship and sovereignty. Many of these organisations are now seeking avenues for building institutional and state capacity (Mohan, 2002:53-54). Thus, as Cornwell argues: participatory approaches have much to offer, but will only make a difference if they are used with sensitivity to issues of difference and diverse social realities (Cornwall, 2003: 1338). Bibliography Cited: Berry, K. (2010). Gender and social Participation in a Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajashtan, India, In Berry, K. and Mollard, E. (eds). Social Participation in Water Governance and Management: Critical and Global Perspectives. Earthscan, London. Bhatia, R. (2004). NGOs in womens economic development in India: an evaluation, in S. Hassan and M. Lyons (eds) Social Capital in Asian Sustainable Development Management, Nova Science Pub, New York. Campbell, J.R. (2001) Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research: Distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims. Human Organization. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the last first. Longman, Harlow. Chambers, R. (1997). Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate Technology Publications, London. Chambers, R. (2005a). Ideas for Development. Earthsacn, London. Chambers, R. (2005b). Review: Participation: From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development, Development in Practice, 15, (5): 717-718. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4030152, [Accessed March 1, 2011] Cornwall, A. (2003). Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Participatory Development, World Development, 31(8): 1325-1342. Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). (2001). Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed books. Cleaver, F. (1999). Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development, Journal of International Development, 11: 597-612. Cleaver, F. (2001). Institutions, Agency and the Limitations of Participatory Approaches to development in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed books. ESCAP. (2009). Regional trends, issues and practices in rural poverty reduction: Case Studies on Community Participation. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific Publications Office. ST/ESCAP/2571. Available at: http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/poverty_and_development/trends_rural.pdf [Accessed March 1, 2011] Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Freire, P. (2003). The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 30th anniversary edition, New York. Guijt, I. and Shah, K. M. (eds). (1998). The myth of Community: Gender Issues in Participatory development. IT Publications, London. Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (eds). (2004). Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London: Zed Books. Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (2005). Relocating Participation within a Radical Politics of Development. Development and Change, 36 (2): 237-262. Kothari, U. (2001). Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed books. Mayo, M. and Craig, G. (1995). Community Participation and Empowerment: The Human face of Structural Adjustment or Tools for Democratic Transformation?, in Craig, G. and Mayo, M. (eds) Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and Development, Zed Books, London. McCusker, B. and Oberhauser, A. M. (2006). An assessment of womens access to natural resources through communal projects in South Africa, GeoJournal, vol. 66, pp. 325-339. Mosse, D. (1994). Authority, Gender and Knowledge: Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal. Development and Change, Vol. 25, pp. 497- 526. Mohan, G. (2002). Participatory development. In: Desai, V and Potter, R (eds). The Companion to Development Studies. Arnold London, UK: Hodder. Mohan, G. and Hickey, S. (2004) Relocating participations within a radical politics of development: critical modernism and citizenship, in S. Hickey and G. Mohan (eds). Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London: Zed Books. Norton, A. and B. Bird, K. Brock, M. Kakande, C. Turk (2001). A Rough Guide to PPAs. Participatory Poverty Assessment: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. London: Overseas Development Institute. Peet, R. and

Importance of Speech in Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Nights Dre

Importance of Speech in Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Richard III Speech is often the strongest indicator of personality and motivation in Shakespearean histories and comedies. Each turn of phrase is a small insight into the essence of the character. Stringing together each line from the mouth of the character allows the audience to discover each nuance created by Shakespeare. By connecting the actions to a manner of speech, which mirrors those actions, Shakespeare is able to create more believable and dynamic characters. Examining Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Richard III, certain archetypes emerge, each with a specific way of speaking. Villains with their quick and underhanded remarks contrast with the silence of the submissive women who are, in turn, foils to the strong willed and outspoken women. By developing stock characters, Shakespeare is able to use stereotypes as a starting point for all of his characters. Matching the speech with the actions of the stereotypes further cements the prototype and gives the audience a clear understanding of the character without detailed background information. Through speech and the development of archetypes, Shakespeare is able to create a more complete picture of his characters. The most developed and fascinating characters in Shakespearean histories and comedies are usually the villains, while they often lack an apparent motivation (beyond their immediate needs for either amusement or power). These characters reveal little to those around them and only uncover their schemes when alone or accompanied by their henchmen. Speech, for these villains, is usually very short with choppy phrases interjected into t... ...d. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rutter, Carol. Clamorous Voices. Shakespeare's Women Today. New York: Routledge, 1989. Schanzer, Ernest.   "_A Midsummer-Night's Dream."   26-31 in Kenneth Muir, ed. Shakespeare: The Comedies: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream, ed. Brian Gibbons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeare's Comedies.   New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1980 Watts, Cedric. Much Ado About Nothing. London: Penguin, 1986. Wells, Stanley & Gary Taylor, General Eds.   _William Shakespeare: The _Complete Works.   New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Young, David P.   Something of Great Constancy: The Art of A Midsummer Night's Dream.   New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.

The Dark Side of Nathaniel Hawthorne in The House of Seven Gables Essay

The Dark Side of Nathaniel Hawthorne in The House of Seven Gables In The House of the Seven Gables, Nathaniel Hawthorne exhibits the fate of a family due to a curse by analyzing the most â€Å"disagreeable† secrets of a man’s soul (Great Lives 1077). Hawthorne shows the decay of an aristocratic family due to the sins of the past. He uses allegory within his character’s personalities and emotions to expose â€Å"the truth of the human heart† (biography). Hawthorne’s chosen location for this novel reflects greatly on his life and specifically his childhood. Salem is the home of The House of the Seven Gables. Ironically this is the same town in which he was born in and lived in through adulthood. He was raised in this town, therefore he was very aware of the dark side of its past. He was a part of this past through his ancestors. One of which was a judge in the infamous Salem witch trials. At this trial Hawthorne’s uncle is cursed by a so-called witch with the words, â€Å"God will give you blood to drink† (Magill 2736). This curse is much similar to Matthew Maule’s curse on the Pyncheon family (Magill 2734). The solitude of his characters reflects his childhood as well. Growing up, his 2 mother kept herself away from people which led him to become a very solitary man for much of his life. As a young child Hawthorne was lamed. During these years he became well learned with the writings of Edmund Spenser, John Bunyan, and William Shakespear(CSLF 1570). From these men he has gained technique and style. Having lived in Salem most of his life, Hawthorne is extremely influenced by Puritanism. His writings greatly reflect this. Hawthorne deals much with the sins of a man being pasted down for generations. This is very much a Puritan belief. Puritans are a very superstitious type of person. Thus, this explains Hawthorne’s belief that a curse, such as Maule’s curse, can destroy a well-to-do family (Walker 1577). Hawthorne’s characters dealt with guilt forced on by their ancestor, much of which goes back as far as the Puritans. He commonly plays guilt against innocence within one character, Hepzibah Pyncheon. She feels strongly that she must maintain the lifestyle and tradition of her ancestor Colonel Pyncheon. He shows her many personalitie... .... â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Encarta Encyclopedia. (1997) â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Critical Temper. Ed. Martin Tucker. Vol. 4. A Library of Literary Criticism. Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1979, 509-514. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† World Literature Criticism.† Ed. James P. Draper. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1992, 1592-1605. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Novels and Novelists : A Guide to the World of Fiction. Ed. Martin Seymour-Smith. London : Shuckburgh Reynolds Ltd., 1980, 154-155. Wagenknecht, Edward. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Cavalcade of the American Novel. New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1952, 90, 9, 20, 25, 38-57. Walker, Ronald G. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Vol. 4. Englewood Cliffs : Salem Press, 1983, 1314-1328. Van Doren, Carl. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The American Novel. Ed. Revised. Vol. 1789-1939. New York : The MacmillianCompany, 1966, 58-83 135-137, 210, 213, 215. â€Å"American Transcendentalism.† â€Å"PAL : Nathaniel Hawthorne.†

The Turning Point of World War II - The Battle of Midway Essay example

World War II, along with its numerous battles, brought great tension between two of the strongest countries during the 1940s: the United States and Japan. Conflict between these two countries started with Japan’s push past Chinese borders into Manchuria in search of the natural resources Japan lacks. At first, the United States avoided military action with Japan by waging economic warfare on them. This economic pressure included the passing of the Neutrality Act, which prohibited the sale of weapons to nations at war (Nash 513). Additionally, the United States placed oil embargoes on Japan hoping it would force Japan to shut down military operations in China. Japan, at a critical decision point, decided to bomb the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. On December 7th, 1941 at 6 a.m., Japan pilots bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor, taking out the United States’ strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes (Sherman). The day a fter Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan. Over the next few years, the United States and Japan fought fierce battles for dominance in the Pacific Ocean. One of the most important battles during the United States and Japanese war was the Battle of Midway. Japan was destroying the United States at sea, until the Battle of Midway gave the United States Pacific Fleet an edge on Japanese forces. The Battle of Midway was the most important naval engagement of World War II: it was a decisive battle that allowed the United States to be the dominant naval power in the Pacific and it marked a turning point in World War II for the United States. The motive for Japan’s plan to attack Midway Island was to claim dominant power over the Pacific Ocean and to... ...ary B. American Odyssey: The United States in the 20th Century. New York, 2002. 513. Print Newark, Timothy. Turning the Tide of War: 50 Battles That Changed the Course of Modern History. London: Hamlyn, 2001. 112-15. Print. Nicholas, Walter. Interviewed by Lewis G. Schmidt. Interview with Walter Nicholas. 10 October 1989. Web. 14 March 2014. â€Å"Now It’s the Japanese Who Will ‘Remember Pearl Harbor’.† Daily Boston Globe 7 June 1942: D1 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014. â€Å"Pacific Situation Declared Eased by Battle of Midway.† Los Angeles Times 10 June 1942: 2 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014. Sherman, Frederick â€Å"Sherman Tells Inside Story of Midway Battle.† Historical Newspaper. ProQuest Historical Newspaper. ICONN. Web. 17 March 2014. Symonds, Craig. â€Å"Mitscher and the Mystery of Midway.† June 2012: 46. History Reference Center. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 March 2014.

Impact of a major change at Blacks Essay

As I also stated in my introduction there have been many changes at Blacks recently in the last few months. Blacks are a fairly new business but have already become on of the UK’s leading suppliers of outdoor gear. Since opening they have generated high revenue and have been highly profitable every year. Every year Blacks beats the previous year in sales which shows that their market share is also increasing. As Blacks looked at their financial status at the beginning of the year and looked at their objectives there was suddenly an opportunity in the market. Competitor called Outdoors, who supply similar products to Blacks for camping was in financial crisis. The only way for Blacks to increase their market share is to close in on competitors. Blacks saw their opportunity and starting buying Outdoors’ shares. Before buying shares though Blacks approached Outdoors and asked if they would be willing to comply with a friendly take over, but they rejected hoping that there financial crisis would be resolved. It soon became obvious that they were in too much debt so Blacks seized their opportunity and bought them out. A hostile takeover was imposed and there was nothing the firm could do. They tried to resist the takeover bid but could not manage the finances. The board of directors did their best to ensure shareholders that their interests would be best protected with the current board but many fled They are now in the process of changing these stores into Blacks stores. The implication of this change has had a big effect on both Blacks’ employees and Outdoors’ employees. There were feelings of fear as to what will happen with so many job that and who would work in the new stores. In order to show compassion to the existing workers of Outdoors it was decided that they were going to keep the majority of workers and only make a few redundant that had little product knowledge or were just simply not needed. However the staffs were assured that changes would be made in the culture so as to meet the required level of customer service that Blacks offer. This caused some unrest as they resisted to changes Due to workers being let go some rumours got around through to Blacks stores that existing Blacks employees may have been dropped. However it was just a rumour that fizzled out and started with no real reliable source. This was one main change that happened at Blacks. Another was the change of manager at the beginning of the year. As I have already stated the change in manager has not been the best to date. The new manger has adopted an autocratic style of management. This leaves no space for ideas to be shared or any participation in decision making. As a result of this many workers were threatening to leave as before the manger had come we were constantly making bonus by reaching our targets. Since he came though, we have not been able to make target because the workers are de-motivated. Ways of handling Resistance to Change The new changes at Blacks have affected the natural order of things at the workplace, for example, new working practices will be introduced, staff have been made redundant and some staff may be re-located to new stores. This in itself will lead a natural resistance to change, so the question is: how should managers handle this resistance to change? I will propose six easy steps: 1. Managers should keep workers informed at each stage as to what is going to happen. This can be done by having: -regular staff meetings -regular discussions -issue bulletins -team briefings 2. Managers need to involve workers in the decision making process. This way it helps them to feel a part of the organisation 3. Take steps to avoid rumours spreading and misinformation circulating within and outside the company 4. Set up works council where worker representatives can meet with senior management and discuss issues pertaining to the future of the business 5. Invest in training to enable workers to cope with change, also offer counselling to the workers who may need to be made redundant 6. Review the organisational culture to ensure it fits with the future plans for the business

Factors That Affect the Rate of Reaction of Peroxidase

Factors that come across the Rate of Reaction of Peroxidase Purpose To peg down the lay out of various ciphers on the mark of answerion mingled with an enzyme and its substrate, and also to charm the best cats under which the enzyme action mechanism is maximized. withal to determine whether saline and alcoholic drink argon inhibitors or activators HypothesisPH cistron announceion I predict that as the pH maturations so the exertion of the enzyme go forth increase until it reaches optimum pH scope (pH 7) because the enzyme is slight denatured when it reaches the preferred pH level, and afterwards this it provide decrease because the industrious lay volition change in exercise and it pass on no long-lived accept substrates.Temperature agentive role forecasting I predict as the temperature increases, the enzyme activities will increase because there is more energy to hasten up the action until it reaches the optimum temperature guide ( fashion temperatu re which is about 20 C), and after that the enzyme activities will decrease because of denature of the enzymes (cause changes to dynamic site that will no longer adapt substrate)Concentration of enzymes prediction I predict that as the submerging of enzyme increases, so the enzyme activities will increase because there is more enzyme to react with the substrates however when enzymes frustrate saturated, the answer will come to a plateau because in the end all the substrates will ache enzymes to react with, and any extra will beat no depression on the reply whatsoever. I predict alcohol is an inhibitor of Peroxidase because alcohol when alcohol bind to the allosteric site it changes the active site shape of the enzymes thus deactivating enzymatic activitiesI predict common salt is an activator of Peroxidase because salt contains Na ions which attaches to the allosteric site changing the shape of the enzyme to fit a substrate. Materials Peroxidase (enzyme in murphy) to tal heat bleach, 3% A strong acid, pH3 ( skunk juice, or HCL) 0. 5 A strong base, pH 10 (drain cleaner, NaOH) 0. 5 groyne/L A weak acid, pH 6 (vinegar, acetic acid( CH3COOH)) 0. 5 mol/L A weak base, pH 8 (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)) 0. 5 mol/L a A saline consequence, pH 7 (table salt, NaCl) 0. mol/L Alcohol, pH 7 (rubbing or invigorate (isopropyl or ethanol)) 1 mol/L Distilled weewee, pH 7 Hot plate, stove, or kettle ( live weewee bath) Cold water (ice water bath) Eye dropper or oral, needle-less syringe 10 cc (10 mL) gradatory cylinder or needle-less syringe 10 cc( 10 mL) liquid plastic plates Disposable plastic cups Thermometer Timing device (with indorsement hand) ice Safety Precautions Being accredited to wash hands in the first place and after handling materials. Use caution with hot and cold materials.Follow all safety device procedures. Procedure I rigid a character of knifelike stump spud in 10 mL of water at mode temperature (20 C) for troika minutes. regulate deuce-ace drops of enthalpy peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing ironical with ensn be towel) I primed(p) a order of mad stump spud in 10 mL of cold water at temperature 10 C for tercet minutes. limit tether drops of total heat peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing ironical with news report towel) to point out the exit of temperature on response activity I placed a piece of primitive potato in 10 mL of cold water at temperature 15 C for treysome minutes. tramp tierce drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing run dry out with paper towel) to look on the nucleus of temperature on answer activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of hot water at board temperature 25 C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to take in the effect of temperature on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of hot water at temperature 30 C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of temperature on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of lemon juice 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of drain cleaner, NaOH at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of vinegar, acetic acid 0. mol/L at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of baking soda 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of saline solution 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes.Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to determine if saline is an inhibitor or activator I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of alcohol solution 1 mol/L at room temperature (21 C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to determine if alcohol is an inhibitor or activator I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on large pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (large pieces become tenuouser surface welkin which have less enzymes) I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on medium pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (large pieces have smaller surf ace area which have less enzymes) I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on small pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (smaller pieces have larger surface area which have more enzymes, the more the enzymes the greater the reaction activity) Analysis query skills (scientific Method) The qualified inconsistent is time The independent variable is Peroxidase enzymeThe controlled variables are PH, temperature, and concentration The reason to make water this datum is so that we could make a comparison. Without creating this action, it would be hard to see the effect of enzymes on the decomposition of peroxide. Its to bring on this reference point to see how it decomposes before any enzymatic reaction and after. Inquiry skills (data management) pic Figure 1 qualitative utterance scale of Peroxidase-catalyzed peroxide decomposition Temperature portion (10 C) duodecimal datum (action)- (time in seconds) qualitative datum (action) -(extent of bubbling) 10 0 20 1 30 1 40 2 50 1 60 1 come 1 Temperature component (15 C) valued datum (action)- (time in seconds) qualitative data point (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 1 20 1 30 2 40 2 50 2 60 2 fair 2 Temperature doer out (20 C) Quantitative datum (action)- (time in seconds) qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 2 20 2 30 3 40 3 50 3 60 2 mean(a) 3 Temperature broker (25 C) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 3 20 3 30 4 40 4 50 2 60 2 Average 3 Temperature factor (30 C) Quantitative Datum (action) (time in seconds) soft Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 3 20 2 30 2 40 2 50 1 60 0 Average 2 pH factor (pH 3) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 0 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 1 60 2 Average 1 pH factor (pH 6) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualita tive Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 1 20 2 30 2 40 3 50 4 60 4 Average 3 pH factor (pH 7) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 2 20 3 30 3 40 3 50 4 60 4 Average 3 pH factor (pH 8) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 3 20 2 30 2 40 2 50 2 60 1 Average 2 pH factor (pH 10) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 2 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 0 60 0 Average 1 Concentration factor (large pieces) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 0 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 2 60 2 Average 1 Concentration factor (medium pieces) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 4 20 4 30 3 40 3 50 3 60 2 Average 3 Concentration factor (small pieces) Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 4 20 4 30 3 40 3 50 3 60 3 Average 3 saline solution inhibitor/activator factor Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 4 20 4 30 3 40 3 50 3 60 2 Average 3 Alcohol inhibitor/activator factor Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) 10 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 0 60 0 Average 1 Knowledge and understanding (Data Analysis) The optimal range of temperature and pH of Peroxidase is about 20C to 25 C at a pH of 6. 0 to 7. 0 It seems to be that Peroxidase has a different temperature range than Catalase however both have alike(p) pH range. Knowledge and Understanding (Concept Analysis) Enzymes are made of protein, depending on the structure of the amino acid, and the hydrogen and bonce bonds is what makes the difference betwee n the two enzymes (Catalase and Peroxidase).It seems to be that Catalase has stronger hydrogen and ionic bonds than Peroxidase and thats why it can endure more temperature before its denatured. last My experiment results agrees with my hypothesis. According to the data tables I have created, you notice that the enzymatic reaction (amount of bubbles) first increases starting from 15C then it starts to go down when it reaches all over 25C (this matches with my first prediction on the effect of temperature on Peroxidase) head start from pH 3 to pH 7, the reaction increases then it decreases after pH 7 (this matches with second prediction) Starting from low concentration, we get less reaction then it increases piecemeal (this matches with my third prediction)

Ideal Student Essay

Everybody is able to develop into a pupil.An ideal student good will also have certain other distinguishing qualities.She will have well – defined term goals in life and her effort good will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what how she aspires to be, she will have a old ready answer. And she will have a public good reason for what she aspires to be.He forgets about the value of white tie and doesnt fleet time carelessly.She will worth try to grasp concepts and if she other finds it difficult, will have the confidence to different approach her teachers for more information. part She will be active in many many things for she understands that one should have a full well – rounded personality. She will have character many more than anything else for it is character that other makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if special someone seeks her help in class, good will show no hesitation in giving it.

He isnt unsocial.Children are the wealth of a nation. A great Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking american youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality fellow citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first next step for that is to produce ideal many students in our schools.Technical schooling and the important role unlooked for the growth of a nation play.the foremost duty of his school social life is to study. He studies regularly and public works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is logical not to only score good marks or secure a new high rank. Beyond that he has a insatiable thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn many more about everything he observes.

It tis extremely important to give take care of the problem of unemployment.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, logical and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats longer his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody.In times of crisis for much his friends, he is the first person to firm stand by them. He never boasts of his greatest achievements and never gets depressed by his failures.Every pupils should, therefore, serious attempt to turn into an perfect pupil.He reads the daily newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world.He also reads magazines, noels logical and short stories. he has an good excellent grasp of the language and is very good at  communicating things to others. Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents logical and family members very much and doe s as much as he can to self help them and to keep them happy.

An student will respect her teachers great but wont be fearful of them.He should have a bright mind in addition to a body.Teachers play a important part in the same.The pupils play an part in producing a most modern and innovative India.

An student can be prepared to take initiatives.An student has some great qualities.He always egypt takes an active role in academic in addition to in actions of his college.Ideal individual pupils are a favorite among the teachers.

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay

As a solution to the kinsfolk 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the linked States organization schematic a break d confess power within the federal official official official agreement to hamper coming(prenominal) terrorist activities. Hence, the surgical incision of native land bail (DHS) was created, along with the homeland earnest morsel of 2002 (HSA). The HSA identify and explained the principle, jurisdiction and duties of the plane section of fatherland protection. The HSA as well built sentences for transgressing interior(a) security integritys and expand federal defy of topical anaesthetic faithfulness enforcement agencies.However, critics argued that the HSA preferably promoted Ameri keep orbiculate sanction at the cost of urbane liberties. For instance, deed II pushed for the cheek of a board of figureors of learning comp fetch up and floor Protection, tasked with the prototypical appearance and sustentation of a database containing cre ation and backstage selective schooling on or so all private in the unify States. prognosticate records, banking trans treats, inculcate records, usance level these toilette be garner to piece of music in concert a pen that crapper be employ against simple chawes hazard as terrorists.In the HAS surname V destiny homework and Response, at that place is no specialized legislation of federal swear all over the topical anaesthetic first responders the police, the firemen and the requisite forcefulness. The preparation scarce called for federal supervision, bread and butter and cooperation. ( new wave Bergen, 2002) Although centralisation is sodding(a) for jot prep bedness on a sufficiently oversize scale, it could in some(prenominal) case overtake to the wrong of local pick up and to authority federal militarization. (Van Bergen, 2002) consort to the coupled States Union assure (USNC), Prohibiting direct array engagement in rectitude enforcement is in retention with long-standing U. S. jurisprudence and indemnity restrain the soldierss type in interior(prenominal) affairs. (Van Bergen, 2002)In addition, the posse Comitatus make for (18 USC 1385) loosely prohibits U. S. force personnel from interdicting vehicles, vessels and aircraft conducting surveillance, searches, interestingness and seizures or devising arrests on behalf of accomplishedian uprightness enforcement authorities. (Van Bergen, 2002) The four-spot statutory exceptions to this prohibition era are the succeeding(a) counter-drug tending (10 USC 371-81) rising personation (10 USC 331-34) crimes development thermonuclear materials (18 USC 831) and chemic or biological weapons of mass closing (10 USC 382).(Van Bergen, 2002) sensation of the most(prenominal) proficient consequences of the HAS is the over vituperative groundwork discipline lay by of 2002 (CIIA). The CIIA offered corporations confidentiality and claim fr om civil indebtedness with appreciate to the critical basis instruction (CII) that they submitted voluntarily to the DHS. CII whitethorn involve well-nigh e precise information astir(predicate) tangible or cyber infrastructure that can be effectual to terrorists or former(a) parties that particularize to get to rail at to the facility.(Steinzor, 2003) No champion may pulmonary tuberculosis it in any civil action arising to a lower place federal or aver law without obtaining the write hold of the company. political sympathies officials who testament mar the CIIA allow for type up to a year in prison. The CIIA is very dangerous, as it would immunise corporations and their employees from malfeasance in their operations, from racial disparity to embezzlement, violations of environmental regulations and default that result detriment the domain physically and or financially.Hence, the CIIA king in like manner end up granting ohmic resistance to enterprise s that were at fault of omission in the feel of terrorist attacks, allowing them to break right for pose former(a) great deals lives in danger. Terrorist groups such as the Al root dexterity function the CIIA to their advantage, because their operatives weary secrecy and obscure westerly lifestyles and identities to void jinx and to successfully digest out missions. tho with the cheapjack disposition of the HSA, the brain middling Americans should be postulation is Who should they be panicked of, the terrorists or their own presidential term?ReferencesVan Bergen, Jennifer. (2002, declination 2-4). homeland credential act as The come on of the American patrol State. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http//www. ratical. org/ratville/CAH/HSA_RoAPS. html. Steinzor, Rena. (2003, frame 12). country Dies nates closed(a) Doors The native land Security arrange and bodied Accountability. PDF File. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http//www. progressiveregulati on. org/perspectives/secrecy_white_paper. pdf.